Mic Array Resource Usage#
The mic array unit requires several kinds of hardware resources, including ports, clock blocks, chanends, hardware threads, compute time (MIPS) and memory. Compared to previous versions of this library, the biggest advantage to the current version with respect to hardware resources is a greatly reduced compute requirement. This was made possible by the introduction of the VPU in the XMOS XS3 architecture. The VPU can do certain operations in a single instruction which would take many, many instructions on previous architectures.
This page attempts to capture the requirements for each hardware type with relevant configurations.
Warning
The usage information below applies when the Vanilla API or prefab APIs are used. Resource usage in an application which uses custom mic array sub-components will depend crucially on the specifics of the customization.
Discrete Resources#
Resource |
Count |
|---|---|
port |
3 |
clock block |
1 (SDR) 2 (DDR) |
chanend |
4 |
thread |
1 (Vanilla) 1 or 2 (prefab) |
Ports#
In all configurations, the mic array unit requires 3 of the xcore.ai device’s hardware ports. Two of these ports (for the master audio clock and PDM clock) must be 1-bit ports. The third (PDM capture port) can be 1-, 4- or 8-bit, depending on the microphone count and SDR/DDR configuration.
Clock Blocks#
In applications which use an SDR microphone configuration, the mic array unit requires 1 of the xcore.ai device’s 5 clock blocks. This clock block is used both to generate the PDM clock from the master audio clock and as the PDM capture clock.
In applications which use a DDR microphone configuration, the mic array unit requires 2 of the xcore.ai device’s 5 clock blocks. One clock is used to generate the PDM clock from the master audio clock, and the other is used as the PDM capture clock (which must operate at different rates in a DDR configuration).
Chanends#
Chanends are a hardware resource which allow threads (possibly running on different tiles) to communicate over channels. The mic array unit requires 4 chanends. Two are used for communication between the PDM rx service and the decimation thread. Two more are needed for transfering completed frames from the mic array unit to other application components.
Threads#
The prefab API can run the PDM rx service either as a stand-alone thread or as an interrupt in another thread. The Vanilla API only supports running it as an interrupt. The Vanilla API requires only on hardware thread. The prefab API requires 1 thread if PDM rx is used in interrupt mode, and 2 if PDM rx is a stand-alone thread..
Running PDM rx as a stand-alone thread modestly reduces the mic array unit’s MIPS consumption by eliminating the context switch overhead of an interrupt. The cost of that is one hardware thread.
Note
When configured as an interrupt, PDM rx ISR is typically configured on the decimation thread, but this is not a strict requirement. The PDM rx interrupt can be configured for any thread on the same tile as the decimation thread. They must be on the same tile because shared memory is used between the two contexts.
Compute#
The compute requirement of the mic array unit depends strongly on the actual configuration being used. The compute requirement is expressed in millions of instructions per second (MIPS) and is approximately linearly related to many of the configuration parameters.
Each tile of an xcore.ai device has 8 hardware threads and a 5 stage pipline. The exact calculation of how many MIPS are available to a thread is complicated, and is, in general, affected by both the number of threads being used, as well as the work being done by each thread.
As a rule of thumb, however, the core scheduler will offer each thread a minimum
of CORE_CLOCK_MHZ/8 millions of instruction issue slots per second (~MIPS),
and no more than CORE_CLOCK_MHZ/5 millions of issue slots per second, where
CORE_CLOCK_MHZ is the core CPU clock rate. With a core clock rate of 600
MHz, that means that each core should expect at least 75 MIPS.
The MIPS values in the table below are estimates obtained using the demo
applications in demo/measure_mips.
PDM Freq |
S2DF |
S2TC |
PdmRx |
1 mic MIPS |
2 mic MIPS |
4 mic MIPS |
8 mic MIPS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.072 MHz |
6 |
65 |
ISR |
10.65 |
22.00 |
TBD |
TBD |
3.072 MHz |
6 |
65 |
Thread |
9.33 |
19.37 |
TBD |
TBD |
6.144 MHz |
6 |
65 |
ISR |
21.26 |
43.89 |
TBD |
TBD |
6.144 MHz |
6 |
65 |
Thread |
18.66 |
38.73 |
TBD |
TBD |
3.072 MHz |
3 |
65 |
ISR |
12.90 |
26.44 |
TBD |
TBD |
3.072 MHz |
3 |
65 |
Thread |
11.62 |
23.85 |
TBD |
TBD |
3.072 MHz |
6 |
130 |
ISR |
11.17 |
23.04 |
TBD |
TBD |
3.072 MHz |
6 |
130 |
Thread |
9.86 |
20.42 |
TBD |
TBD |
- PDM Freq
Frequency of the PDM clock.
- S2DF
Stage 2 decimation factor. Output sample rate is
(PDM Freq / (32 * S2DF)).- S2TC
Stage 2 tap count.
- PdmRx
Whether PDM capture is done in a stand-alone thread or in an ISR.
Measurements indicate that enabling or disabling the DC offset removal filter has little effect on the MIPS usage. The selected frame size has only a slight negative correlation with MIPS usage.
Memory#
The memory cost of the mic array unit has three parts: code, stack and data. Code is the memory needed to store compiled instructions in RAM. Stack is the memory required to store intermediate results during function calls, and data is the memory used to store persistant objects, variables and constants.
The stack memory requirement is minimal. The code memory requirement depends on
the particular configuration, but ranges from about 1600 bytes in a 1 mic
configuration to about 2000 bytes in an 8 mic configuration.
Not included in the table is the space allocated for the first and second stage
filter coefficients. The first stage filter coefficients take a constant 523
bytes. The second stage filter coefficients use 4*S2TC bytes, where S2TC
is the stage 2 decimator tap count. The value shown in the ‘data’ column of the
table is the sizeof() the
BasicMicArray that is
instantiated. The table below indicates the data size for various
configurations.
Mics |
S2DF |
S2TC |
SPF |
DCOE |
Data Memory |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
6 |
65 |
16 |
On |
504 B |
2 |
6 |
65 |
16 |
On |
968 B |
4 |
6 |
65 |
16 |
On |
1888 B |
8 |
6 |
65 |
16 |
On |
3728 B |
1 |
6 |
65 |
16 |
On |
768 B |
2 |
6 |
130 |
16 |
On |
1488 B |
1 |
6 |
130 |
16 |
On |
576 B |
2 |
12 |
65 |
16 |
On |
1112 B |
1 |
12 |
65 |
160 |
On |
1080 B |
2 |
6 |
65 |
160 |
On |
2120 B |
1 |
6 |
65 |
16 |
Off |
496 B |
2 |
6 |
65 |
16 |
Off |
948 B |
- S2DF
Stage 2 decimator’s decimation factor.
- S2TC
Stage 2 decimator’s tap count.
- SPF
Samples per frame in frames delivered by the mic array unit.
- DCOE
DC Offset Elimination